A Story of Music and History

We’ve been talking lately a lot about stories here in the Professor Carol office.  Living in a small Cowboy town provides me a with wealth of stories, the same kind of stories I grew up with in the Virginia mountains.  Here, however, the topics involve cattle and hay production, rather than coal mining and mountain roads.

Early mornings, I like to bump into our “pasture” neighbor, Mr. Fox, when he drives out to throw cattle cubes to his 1800-lb. “babies.”  He tells stories just like my Daddy did, the kind you couldn’t break away from if you wanted to (which I don’t!).

History is a story.  The root of the word ἱστορία (istoria) means learning or knowing by inquiry, a narrative, or a story.  It goes back to the noun histor meaning a “wise man.”

History is the story of our culture.  Yes, it is open to lots of twists and turns, interpretations, and distortions.  It takes large gulps of time before anyone really knows what has happened in a given era.  Plus, we “moderns” add in interpretations that would have made no sense to the folks alive during the eras under consideration.  That’s the good news, and the bad news.

Music history has a certain advantage.  We have actual pieces of music we can hear (and even see on paper) dating back more than a thousand years in Western music.  We possess something both concrete and alive to add into the discussion.  The only thing missing from this sound-history is our imaginations.

Louis XIV

Louis XIV

None of us can fully imagine life at Louis XIV’s court. I can’t fully conjure up what it must have felt like to have danced the bourée at Versailles, corseted up in those heavy dresses, wearing a huge wig built around a cage frame or horsehair pads!  Powdered, starched, and corseted: these people were expected to dance?

And fashion doesn’t take into account the devious court politics swirling around each aristocratic dancer.  Court Dance, as those of you taking Discovering Music know, was a vehicle of dynastic power.  Hence, political intrigue was never far behind.

But, I can try to imagine that “story”—that complex, intriguing historia—as I listen to a French Baroque dance by Lully or Rameau.  If I close my eyes, I can see the dripping wax of the candelabras, smell the starch and powder that glued the wigs together, feel the pinch of those early mules that Louis XIV made famous as dancing shoes.  I can imagine eating too much and staying up till dawn.

Or, I can imagine being one of the hundreds of servants who slaughtered and stuffed game, lugged platters piled with frosted bon-bons, cut ice sculptures, drove the mud-encrusted carriages, held the ladies’ heavy capes, and burnt my fingers replacing the stubs of candles.  All while the clear tones of a bourée and laughter sounded through the glittering Hall of Mirrors.

Go ahead.  Imagine it.  This is the key to the story of history.  And certainly the key to music history.

From Little Acorns

T-M-E-A.  The Texas Music Teachers’ Association Annual Convention in San Antonio, Texas (home of the Alamo).  That’s where I spent four days last week, and I simply have to tell you about it.

My head is still spinning.  Thousands of accomplished high-school musicians, their families, plus their band, choir, and orchestra conductors filled the huge Henry B. Gonzales convention center and neighboring hotels.  They swelled through the streets and down the picturesque River Walk of San Antonio (yes, it was yucky cold, but we missed record snowfalls and power outages farther north, so we can’t complain).

For the kids who survive the highly competitive auditions, rehearsals for “All-State” choirs, bands, and orchestras start unmercifully early (try 7 a.m.) and end late.  In between are clinics, presentations, and a huge exhibit hall to explore.  The hall is filled with vendors, from music publishers to instrument makers.  You’ve never heard such skilled cacophony as hundreds of students try out tubas, violins, clarinets, marimbas, and gongs.

And that’s where we were, right in the middle of it all, exhibiting Discovering Music: 300 Years of Interaction in Western Music, Art, History, and Culture. On one side we had a percussionist and on the other, a Drill Team Software company.  It was a happy spot, especially when so many of my former SMU students began to visit and examine our new curriculum.  A lot of memories came up, especially since these very students had heard me tell many of the stories you’ll find in Discovering Music.

They’re locked in my mind as “20-somethings.”  But the fact is, these former students are grown-ups now, accomplished, professional educators and conductors.  It is fascinating to hear their stories.  And a little overwhelming: you try looking at a “kid” you haven’t seen for 22 years, and finding a grown man with more than two decades of teaching already behind him.  Wow.

Usually in these posts, I write “about” something.  I share information, create content, in the blogosphere as it’s called.  But today I sing my admiration for all of those at TMEA, starting with my (and all) former students who have forged their own paths.  I applaud the swarms of teenaged musicians, some of whom will become doctors, engineers, lawyers, carpenters, mechanics, and mathematicians.  But some of whom will stay in music and the arts to become both performers and music educators.

Their eyes are shining.  They’re gearing up, ready to go.  Their future students haven’t been born yet!  But at TMEA, the hallowed cycle of learning and teaching was turning, preparing  . . . right now.

Caterpillars and Virtuosi

The best concerts (films, plays, art exhibits) linger in the mind.  Even the ones you don’t like have value, as you mull over what displeased you.  But when they’re good, they remain in the ear and in the mind.

Photo credit: Fran Kaufman

Photo credit: Fran Kaufman

I heard a provocative concert this week: Canadian-born pianist Marc-André Hamelin. He’s a super virtuoso, which can be said about many pianists.  He’s a technician, which means he has absolute control of the mechanical aspects of playing.  That, too, can be said about many pianists.

Ahah, here’s something that cannot always be said: Hamelin’s an adventurer!  In terms of the music he’s played and recorded in his career, he presents gems, forgotten masterpieces, eclectic or exotic works.   He’s like an enthusiast who wants to taste everything in the gourmet section of an up-scale shop.

But the real kicker is something all too rare: he’s a pianist-composer.  Last night he ended the concert with five of his own etudes from a set he’s worked on for years.  He doesn’t call himself a composer.  A composer, he says, devotes the bulk of his or her effort to the task.  Since he’s constantly concertizing and recording, he figures he doesn’t qualify.

I beg to differ, Mr. Hamelin.  Here’s what I took away from your pieces: I heard Bach’s mind meeting Liszt’s fingers.  Especially in the etude called Prelude, a virtuosic first section followed by a massively complex, jazzy fugue.  From the first note of this piece, I knew our ears were going to be stretched ten feet on either side.   And yet, it was sweepingly lyrical, despite being filled with gymnastics and razor-sharp intellectuality.

Mr. Hamelin has been playing since he was five.  His ability to play is so ingrained he can’t explain how or what he does. “If you’re a caterpillar,” he quips, “the last thing anyone should ask you is which leg you move first.”

Isn’t that the best thing?  Doing something so well, we can’t say how we do it. Good cooks are like that.  Expert gardeners.  Hurdlers and high-jumpers. Expert training, virtuosic ability, and hard work, etched deep in the subconscious.

Sometimes when I hear a pianist in recital, I’m inspired to go home and do more of my own practicing.  I think, “Gosh, I see how that works, I should try this.”  Not this concert.  Hamelin left normal “playing the piano” far behind.   He was “sculpting sound” as if he were tossing cascades of light or swirling arabesques of sand.

Sand . . . STOP.  Hold that thought.  I want to share something amazing with you involving sand in my next post.   Stay tuned.

Music and Mud

Most of North America froze over the 2009 holiday season.  Here in North Central Texas, we had a rare Christmas blizzard, with all of the attendant joys and challenges.  But the real story started when the temperature warmed up.

Mud, mud, and more mud.  Snow that had drifted and swirled in wind-driven filigree vanished, leaving behind a deep slush of mud.  With a mile-and-a-half of dirt road separating our front porch from a paved surface, the mud has created heroic driving challenges.  And sparked its own musical rhythm!

With mud cascades à la Jackson Pollock splashing around my little white Malibu, I find myself thinking about the connection of mud and music.  Music interacts with everything, so it must be connected to mud, right?

Of course, the most famous Mud-Music interaction in recent history took place in 1969 at Woodstock, NY.  And apparently in September there will be the 1st Annual Music in the Mud Festival in Jacksonville, Texas, with the headliner group being the Eli Young Band.

But let’s look farther back.  What about actual repertoire?  Are there mud-pieces, or, put more graciously, pieces of music inspired by mud?  We find plenty of snow and ice pieces (e.g., Debussy’s “Snowflakes are Dancing” from Children’s Corner).  But, mud pieces?

Music more than once has depicted the rugged oxen cart struggling through ruts of mud.  Muddy, tired characters trudged on and off opera stages.  But orchestral tone poems about mud?  I’m still looking for them.

And what about the daily realities of musicians struggling with mud?  Remember that fine scene in the 1984 Peter Schaeffer film Amadeus where Mozart is traveling down the cobblestone streets to play for the Emperor, folks running behind his carriage, carrying his fortepiano?  Beyond questioning why Emperor Joseph II couldn’t provide Mozart an instrument to play on (surely he had them in his palace . . . ), we might consider just how hard it was to transport instruments in those days.

Streets throughout European history were dusty, dirty, and downright filthy.  Of course, the lucky folks rode in carriages.  You know, those nice carriages that look so romantic on the silver screen?  Ha!  I finally got to ride in one—a restored German carriage built in 1854.  I never realized how bouncy, cold, and uncomfortable they were.  Not to mention prone to breaking down.

Plus, only the musical stars could afford to ride in such fancy things.  Rank-and-file musicians were back to trudging with their instruments through the muddy streets.  Puddles of mud and ice would splash not just on cloaks and boots, but on precious fiddles, wrapped in whatever protection the musician could find.

And that brings us to instrument cases.  Musicians have always tried to protect their instruments.  A recent book by Glenn Wood on violin cases called The Art and History of Violin Cases (Authorhouse, 2008) brings us a history of both ordinary cases and the extraordinary ones—those crafted for royalty and virtuosi.  Here practical protection from rain and mud was transformed into priceless objets d’art.

Today, elementary school students shoulder instrument cases that would have wowed musicians of the past.  Cases made to withstand all kinds of weather, not to mention mistreatment in the band hall!  How those players in Mozart’s orchestras would have envied those seventh-graders.  Imagine the lamentation they might write:

Here I, with genius fingers ten,
Wrap in cloth my precious lyre,
While they, so clearly lesser men,
Boast such princely case-attire.

Which brings us to . . . poetry.  Remember the watchword in our Discovering Music course: Prima le parole, e dopo la music (“First the words, and then the music”). We must wend our way back to poetry to see what we can find.

Voila: mud and poetry meet up wonderfully in this poem by poet Robert Service (1874-1958).

Mud is Beauty in the making,
Mud is melody awaking;
Laughter, leafy whisperings,
Butterflies with rainbow wings;
Baby babble, lover’s sighs,
Bobolink in lucent skies;
Ardours of heroic blood
All stem back to Matrix Mud.

Mud is mankind in the moulding,
Heaven’s mystery unfolding;
Miracles of mighty men,
Raphael’s brush and Shakespear’s pen;
Sculpture, music, all we owe
Mozart, Michael Angelo;
Wonder, worship, dreaming spire,
Issue out of primal mire.

In the raw, red womb of Time
Man evolved from cosmic slime;
And our thaumaturgic day
Had its source in ooze and clay . . .
But I have not power to see
Such stupendous alchemy:
And in star-bright lily bud
Lo! I worship Mother Mud.*

Famous for his rough-and-tumble poems “The Shooting of Dan McGrew” and “The Cremation of Sam McGee,” Service was clearly spurred to delicate heights . . . by mud.  Absolutely marvelous!

Remember to scrape your boots!  And as you do, pay respect to that mud!

*Reprinted with permission

Image by drgillybean – Creative Commons

Swing Music

Get ready to swing with Roland Muzquiz, master percussionist with the Dallas Wind Symphony and someone who can help us to learn what swing really is.  Take it away, Roland!

Chamber Music with Michael Shih

Enjoy this new interview with Michael Shih, Concertmaster of the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra and passionate advocate for Chamber Music!

The Pipe Organ with Michael Conrady

Michael Conrady

Michael Conrady

You will find a new featured video on the home page: a conversation with Michael Conrady about the pipe organ. Michael is the music director at St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church in Dallas.  You’ll also meet him in the discussion of Johann Sebastian Bach (Unit 7) in the “Discovering Music” course.   Michael may be young, but he carries forth all of the time-honored duties and traditions that date back to Bach and beyond: the enormous responsibility of providing music for a large parish, the ability to understand and maintain a complex and expensive instrument such as a pipe organ, and the need to work with choristers, clergy, and members of the congregation to keep everything running smoothly . . . and musically!

Hats of to Michael Conrady, and to all of those church musicians who, especially during the Advent and Christmas Seasons, work so hard to create so much of beauty.

O Holy Night

Once upon a time . . . actually, when I started my job as Music History Professor at Southern Methodist University in 1985, I had to face facts:  even with my fancy new Ph.D. in musicology, my musical education was filled with holes.

There wasn’t a thriving concert life in my hometown of Roanoke, Virginia.  I didn’t grow up seeing opera or ballet.  In fact, only when I went to the Soviet Union in 1981 on a doctoral exchange did I get to see first-class performances.  What better place to see the masterpieces than the Kirov Ballet or Bolshoi Opera?

Carlotta Grisi in Giselle 1841

Carlotta Grisi in Giselle 1841

Still, there were holes during that first year at SMU.  Many times I sat up nearly all night, listening to recordings (yes, LP’s) – a musical score in one hand, a notebook in the other.  This was the very repertoire I needed to “teach” the next day.  Anyone who has ever taught knows this syndrome.

Yet, I look back on that year with nostalgia.  It was full of discoveries.  Pieces of the puzzle began to fall into place – themes I had heard, but never identified.  The connections sprouted like a fast-growing spider plant.  Plus, it was so exciting, surviving those first classes.

And that brings me to “O Holy Night.”  Around October of that first year, I squirreled myself away in the music library to watch a video of the ballet Giselle. I had never seen it danced, and didn’t know any of the music.  But I knew it was a landmark of 19th-century Romanticism.  So I’d better get it under my belt.

I was mesmerized.  It was a Kirov production, with a waif-thin Giselle (probably anorexic) and a dashing, but morose, Albert.  The ensemble dancing was perfect.  I reveled in how Act I and Act II represented, respectively, the old-fashioned 18th-century Sentimentalism and the new madness of 19th-century Gothic horror.  Plus, the scene where Giselle dances herself to death at the end of Act I is one of the greatest dramatic links ever created.

That was plenty to learn.  But it all paled when I realized, a few weeks later, that the composer of Giselle, Adolphe Adam (1803-1856), was . . . the composer of “O Holy Night.”

Who hasn’t been moved to tears by a fine rendition of “O Holy Night”?  But why is it so effective?  The text, a poem Minuit chrétiens, c’est l’heure solennelle, was penned by a Parisian wine-seller named Placide Cappeau de Roquemaure in 1847.  Cappeau then asked his friend, the composer Adolphe Adam, to set it to music.  Again the adage proves true: Prima le parole, e dopo la musica. [First the words, and then the music.]

The English text we know and love was translated by music historian John Sullivan Dwight (1812-1893).  A Boston-born graduate of both Harvard and Cambridge, Dwight was first ordained a Unitarian minister, and later became one of 19th-century America’s most significant music critics and promoters of music education.

But none of those facts explains the mesmerizing beauty of the song.  But the 1841 ballet Giselle helps answer the question.

Adam wrote streams of soaring, flexible melodies – the kind that accommodate the unpredictability of dance choreography.  After all, who can predict exactly when that premier danseur will land after a virtuosic cabriole?

Plus the composer had a talent for creating unforgettable themes like those he used as motto-themes, or signature themes, in Giselle. Adam penned cascades of these simple themes to evoke specific aspects of the story: one melody signifies Giselle’s ill-fated daisy-picking scene (“He loves me, he loves me not”); another melodic fragment signifies the royals returning from hunting.  Elastic, soaring, and memorable melodies – these are what dance music requires – and these same qualities underlie “O Holy Night.”

Try it for yourself.  Think of the section “Fall on your Knees” and imagine a beautiful ballerina executing simple en pointe steps in a flowing toile robe.  Perhaps she is the angel, gracefully streaming across the heavens.  And those gorgeous high notes, suspended as long as humanly possible!  It is dance in sound.

I hope that you can experience a live performance of Giselle, or watch one of the many video versions available.  As you come to know the music of Giselle, you’ll be even more appreciative of Adam’s melodic gifts.  Thank you, Adolphe Adam, for etching this beautiful Christmas tune in our hearts.

Listening for the Familiar and Unfamiliar

We live in a visual world.  We constantly analyze what we see on a sophisticated level, but most of us are not nearly as skilled in listening.  That’s why many of us prefer music in styles that are already familiar.  Opening our ears and mind up to new kinds of music seems harder.

No surprise here.  Perception involves a process of sifting through familiar traits and unfamiliar ones.  The familiar ones provide context: we see a new face, but we recognize that it’s a face.  We walk into an unfamiliar house, but we recognize an entry hall with a staircase.  That familiarity allows us to take in the details, and appreciate someone’s big brown eyes or glistening new hardwood floors.

Now imagine if you saw something totally unlike anything you have seen before.  You might be curious or repulsed, but quite likely your ability to make sense of it would be severely challenged.  Also your ability to describe it!

Listening is no different.

Edwin Longsden Long

Edwin Longsden Long: To Her Listening Ear

Music has form, and we need at least part of that form to be familiar if we are to understand and enjoy the parts that are unfamiliar.  We need some context for the sounds we hear.

So, when the sound of classical music is new to someone, that person may be able to take in only the faintest outlines of the music.  The overall sound of violins, or the flow of woodwind instruments.  The surprisingly rich sound of a classically trained voice.  Equally surprising might the many beautiful, soaring melodies, or the extended sweep of a classical piece that exceeds the usual 2 minutes 40 seconds found in pop songs.  These things alone are enough to cause a different listening sensation that some might initially label as “relaxing” (something we discussed in a prior post).

But insofar as actually hearing what’s inside the music, that takes more work.

Those of you who are just beginning to discover classical music may be frustrated when much of what you hear is so unfamiliar.  You may be tempted to retreat back into familiar territory.  The idea of music needing repeated hearings before it reveals its secrets may seem odd.  That sounds more like work than relaxation.

To get the most out of it, you will want to become familiar with a sufficient amount of it.  And there are good strategies for that and bad ones.  Remember, repetition brings familiarity.  And familiarity allows you to draw connections and create context.

Discovering Music: 300 Years of Interaction in Western Music, Art, History, and Culture uses context as a key for understanding music, and that context usually involves a lot of non-musical things: politics, science, art, fashion, philosophy, religion, you name it.  Those things are essential to a full appreciation of music, just as some knowledge of music is essential to understanding history, religion, etc.  (This interdisciplinary study is the proper focus of “historical musicology.”)  And like anything wonderful, the more you learn, the more rewarding it will be.

In my next post, I will take up the topic of how we deal with the purely “musical” side of music.  How do we compare something we hear to what we expect to hear? Some of the answer falls within the realm of music theory and some belongs to the much neglected question of aesthetics.

And while those topics may sound off-putting, they are golden keys to Discovering Music.

Happy Birthday Beethoven

What is the most famous four-note melody in the world?  One where three of the four pitches repeat the same note?

Now that’s a toss-up:  either the opening of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony, a.k.a. “Fate Knocking at the Door” (dah-dah-dah dum) or . . . ready?. . . “Happy Birthday!” (dah-dah-de-dah).

But today, December 16th, you don’t have to choose. It’s Beethoven’s birthday!  He’d be 239 years old today, not an anniversary that sparks commemorative festivals, but still a date to note.

Beethoven lived a tumultuous life of 57 years (1770-1827), a reasonable lifespan for his day.  Subsequent generations took this restless, reclusive composer and turned him into the standard-bearer for Romanticism.  And those portraits of his, the ones with rushes of hair and dark eyes piercing your soul [Joseph Carl Stieler]—well, they serve today as icons of “Artistic Genius.”

Beethoven would find all of this astonishing.

As it turns out, Beethoven’s music outlasted 200+ plus years of stylistic change.  It still speaks to vast numbers of people.  And although we consider Beethoven the quintessential “genius-rebel” today, he had little choice but to bow and scrape continually.  It was customary, then, to write in self-deprecating prose to achieve every objective.  Trying to learn in 1823 how King George IV responded to his gift of a score of Battle of Vittoria, Beethoven couldn’t simply ask.  He had to write:

In thus presuming, herewith, to submit my most obedient prayer to Your Majesty, I venture at the same time to supplement it with a second [letter]. . . .  For many years the undersigned cherished the sweet wish that Your Majesty would graciously make known the receipt of his work to him; but he has not been able to boast of this happiness. . . .

In other words “Hey, King George, what about that piece I sent you?”

Beethoven might have preferred our modern age, where celebrities’ personalities rise up flamboyantly and, if there’s enough media attention, give them leave for seemingly any action.  But it’s highly unlikely our present age would inspire the depth, intensity, and originality found in those impassioned note he scribbled on paper.

Happy Birthday Beethoven!

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